Sample Resume - High School - Work Experience Essays - Economy

Test Resume - High School - Work Experience Massah Sheriff 24 Gomana Street Slack Creek, OLD 4127 cell: 0412853256 email: [emailprotected] Objective: To get low maintenance position as a renewal colleague at Woolworths Sunnybank Hills. Experience One Stop Pizza and Kebabs Stock Rotation Sales Register Cash Handling Cleaning, Store Set Up Store Closing Procedures Client support KFC Position: Customer administration colleague Stock turn Unpacking stock Sales register, cash taking care of on drive-through and front counter Cleaning, Store Set Up Store Closing Procedures Accomplishments Endorsement ll Health Services 2015 Testament lll Health Services 2016-11-28 CPR for life in schools Certificate for Participation 2016 Interests/Activities Finding out about different societies Design Learning Other societies Reference Chole Martin KFC Manger M: 0428933899 Email: [emailprotected] Tammy Vonhill KFC Manger M: 0407674530

Blowfish Algorithm Advantages and Disadvantages

Blowfish Algorithm Advantages and Disadvantages Blowfish is a keyed (snippet of data that decides the utilitarian yield of a cryptographic calculation or figure), symmetric cryptographic square figure. It was structured by Bruce Schneier in 1993. From that point forward it has been broke down significantly, and it is gradually picking up acknowledgment as a solid encryption calculation. Blowfish is without permit and is accessible out of control situation employments. It is additionally a symmetric square figure that can be utilized as a drop-in swap for DES or IDEA. It takes a variable-length key, from 32 bits to 448 bits, making it perfect for both household and exportable use. Blowfish is likewise one of the quickest square figures out in the open use, making it perfect for an item that capacities on a wide assortment of processors found in cell phones just as in note pad and personal computers. The primary usage of the Blowfish Algorithm in LabVIEW. With this arrangement of subvi’s one can scramble information in LabVIE W without the need of outer programming. This can be utilized to send information safely over Data attachment just as TCP and UDP interchanges alongside shield remote control frameworks from unapproved access, by encoding the control correspondences. .( B. Schneier, Applied Cryptography, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1994.) 3.2 Strategies and Mechanisms Blowfish has a 64-piece square size and a key length of some place from 32 bits to 448 bits. The calculation comprises of two sections. One is a key-development part and one more is an information encryption part. Key development changes over a key of all things considered 448 bits into a few subkey exhibits totaling 4168 bytes. It is a 16-round Feistel figure and uses enormous key-subordinate S-boxes (essential part of symmetric key calculations which performs replacement). Each round comprises of a keydependent change, and a keydependent replacement. It is additionally comparable in structure to CAST-128, which uses fixed S-boxes. Blowfish is appropriate for application where the key doesn't change every now and again, similar to a correspondence interface or a programmed record encryptor. It is altogether quicker than most encryption calculation when on 32-piece microchip with huge information reserves. (Quick Software Encryption, Cambridge Security Workshop Proceedings December 1993) 3.3 The Feistel structure of Blowfish A Fiestel arrange is a general strategy for changing any capacity (for the most part called F-work) into a stage. It was inented by Horst Fiestel and has been utilized in many square chiper structured. The chart beneath shows the activity of Blowfish. Each line speaks to 32 bits. The calculation keeps two subkey clusters: the 18-section P-exhibit and four 256-passage S-boxes. The S-boxes acknowledge 8-piece information and produce 32-piece yield. One section of the P-cluster is utilized each round, and after the last round, every 50% of the information square is XORed with one of the two s taying unused P-passages. The outline to the correct shows Blowfish’s F-work. The capacity parts the 32-piece contribution to four eight-piece quarters, and uses the quarters as contribution to the S-boxes. The yields are added modulo 232 and XORed to deliver the last 32-piece yield. Since Blowfish is a Feistel arrange, it very well may be rearranged just by XO7Ring P17 and P18 to the figure content square, at that point utilizing the P-passages in turn around request. Blowfish’s calculation introduce with the P-cluster and S-boxes. The mystery key is then XORed with the P-passages all together and afterward utilize a similar technique to scramble all the zero string. The significant ciphertext replaces P1 and P2 then scramble the new P1 and P2 with the adjusted subkeys. Presently the yield is P3 and P4. By and large Blowfish calculation will rehash multiple times so as to figure new subkeys for the P-exhibit and the four S-boxes. It is about 4KB information is prepare d.

What Is a Conditioned Stimulus

What Is a Conditioned Stimulus Theories Behavioral Psychology Print Conditioned Stimulus in Classical Conditioning By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on September 22, 2019 More in Theories Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology In classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus is a previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response. Illustration by Emily Roberts, Verywell How Does the Conditioned Stimulus Work? Ivan Pavlov first discovered the process of classical conditioning in his experiments on the digestive response of dogs. He noticed that the dogs naturally salivated in response to food, but that the animals also began to drool whenever they saw the white coat of the lab assistant who delivered the food. The previously neutral stimulus (the lab assistant) had become associated with an unconditioned stimulus (the food) that naturally and automatically triggered a response (salivating). After the neutral stimulus had become associated with the unconditioned stimulus, it became a conditioned stimulus capable of triggering the conditioned response all on its own. Examples Suppose that the smell of food is an unconditioned stimulus and a feeling of hunger is the unconditioned response. Now, imagine that when you smelled your favorite food, you also heard the sound of a whistle. While the whistle is unrelated to the smell of the food, if the sound of the whistle was paired multiple times with the smell, the sound alone would eventually trigger the conditioned response. In this case, the sound of the whistle is the conditioned stimulus. The example above is very similar to the original experiment Pavlov performed. The dogs in his experiment would salivate in response to food, but after repeatedly pairing the presentation of food with the sound of a bell, the dogs would begin to salivate to the sound alone. In this example, the sound of the bell was the conditioned stimulus. There are plenty of examples of how neutral stimuli can become a conditioned stimulus through association with an unconditioned stimulus. Lets explore a few more examples. A hotel concierge begins to respond every time he hears the ringing of a bell. Because the bell has become associated with the sight of customers needing assistance, the bell has become a conditioned stimulus.You are out riding your bike one day and are attacked by a dog. Now, the place where you were attacked has become a conditioned stimulus and you experience fear every time you pass that spot.Students hear the sound of a bell right before they are released for lunch. Eventually, just the sound of the bell alone causes the students to become hungry.You eat a burrito for lunch but become ill shortly after. While the food you ate was previously a neutral stimulus, it becomes a conditioned stimulus through its association with the unconditioned stimulus (illness). As a result, you may develop a taste aversion in which just the idea of eating that same food again causes you to feel ill.The lunch bell rings every day right before class is excused for lunch. After a while, you begin to salivate in anticipation of lunch whenever you hear the bell ring.

Criminal Law And Its Effect On Society - 927 Words

Criminal law is an immense part in society, including the following functions: to deter a person from acts that harms them or society. Additionally, people who do not follow the rules that are being set by the authority, they will be punished. The criminal law is formed to guide the general public behaviour, which are seen acceptable by society. (Jonathan Herring criminal law eighth edition) Criminal laws are set of rules, created by the authority to establish control in society. While, morality is the principles and values that are recognised by society to institute right from wrong and good from bad. As there are different cultures, age groups and gender in society have different beliefs, attitudes and values as Jock Young has pointed out. What one may view as moral others may view immoral. While society goes through development, people’s views change and the way they react to certain ideas such as manner offences (littering). The definition of ‘morality’ has changed over time and will have different meaning for various cultures. Another main reason why law should not enforce moral ideas is because there are different concepts in society in which they view moral. (Regina v R) is a case that challenges the idea of morality, where a husband rapes his wife. In 1736 Chief Justice Hale had argued â€Å"the husband cannot be guilty of rape committed by himself upon his lawful wife†. On the other hand, this was a time when the law was based on religion values and people use toShow MoreRelatedCriminal Law And Its Effect On Society853 Words   |  4 Pagesthis learner to elaborate more on â€Å"which laws this learner believe are considered criminal by the larger society, but may be considered acceptable by the groups lacking wealth†? (Martin, 2016. Para. 1). Well, this learner will try to address this question. As we know criminal laws were created for us as a society to follow, maintain, and be punished if the law is broken. Now, that sounds really good, but as a society this is not true, because these laws are look good on paper, and are supposed toRead MoreCriminal Law And Its Effect On Society951 Words   |  4 PagesThe start of a criminal punishment started in the Code of Hammurabi then followed by common law. Common law no longer functions in the definition of crime and how they could only be committed in a certain way. The criminal law was created to fit into the modern definition of crimes and the new understanding of criminal acts. Criminal law is to punish criminal and deter crime that goes against norm social behavior. The law breaking has potential punishment whichRead MoreEssay The Contrast and Comparison of Crime in Our Society1032 Words   |  5 Pageshas diverse effects on society in various ways, shapes or form. These criminal effects are impacted either on an individual basis or a continual basis in our everyday lives. These effects or outcomes, if you will, are prevalent on our streets we live on, the neighborhoods we are in, and even the states that we live in. The end result of crimes in our society has many different physical, financial, and emotional impacts. Among those influenced are the public, the victim, and the Police/Law EnforcementRead MoreThe Laws Enforced By Police Have Multiple Effects On The Citizens1535 Words   |  7 PagesThe laws enforced by police have multiple effects on the citizens that they control. Quite often, these laws are too harsh and upheld as a means of catching the minor crimes as opposed to the more severe ones. This creates an effect on citizens that manipulates their minds and emotions. The criminals become easier to pick out of the crowd and revert to a life of crime rather than back into society as honest citizens. People in society live in fear of whether they did or are going to do somethingRead MoreCriminal Justice: Concept, Process, System, and Agencies Essay668 Words   |  3 PagesCriminal Justice: Concept, Process, System, and Agencies Helen Jordan-Seals CRJS 1001-12 – Contemporary Criminal Justice System July 29, 2012 The Criminal Justice System goes as far back as the days of Jesus. There were Soldiers who acted like policeman, the tribune which was the court system, and Caesar, Herod and even Pontius Pilate stood as judge. The prison system was that of dark caves and dungeons. As we journey to the twenty-first century, nothing has genuinely changed. Read MoreJuvenile Delinquency : Should Severity Of Punishment For Young Offenders Be The Same As Adults?1200 Words   |  5 Pagesdevelopments, â€Å"the law affects nearly every aspect of our lives every day† (â€Å"Canada’s System of Justice†, 2015, p. 1), including laws for crimes, rules of conduct, and solutions of conflicts. As one of the developed countries among the world, Canada’s national government has developed a complete justice system with a series of laws, sentences, punishments, and programs. This system is aiming to avoid the occurrence of crimes, protect citizens’ safety, and ensure normal op erations in the society. In today’sRead MoreEssay on Criminal Sentencing Purpose1300 Words   |  6 Pages Criminal Sentencing purpose There was once a Television show name â€Å"Berretta† and the show theme song said do not do crime if you cannot do the time. That is a true saying, one that should be on every criminal mind why they are committing a crime. Sentencing a criminal for crimes for which they have been convicted of is their due punishment according to the severity of the crime committed. The Courts have for centuries punished criminals according to the belief of the society in whichRead MorePrisoners Rights954 Words   |  4 PagesSociety Tiffany Horvath SOC 305: Crime and Society Instructor: Efua Akoma October 28, 2013 If you asked 100 random people to describe a criminal, they would describe someone uneducated, in and out of the justice system, a minority or just a basic street criminal. â€Å"National surveys suggest that when Americans think about crime, they see the face of a black jobless high-school dropout from a broken home† (Society, 2013). â€Å"Federal researchers found, for example, that many prisonersRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System in Canada1343 Words   |  6 PagesEvery country has a justice system in place in their society in order to maintain peace and equality. The Criminal Justice System gives civilians the opportunity to receive integrity through a legal system while giving them a fair chance to deal with negligence and misconduct. There are several components that work together to enforce the purpose played by the Criminal Justice System. Most obviously, it includes the rules and laws entrenched in the Charter and Constitution in which prosecutors andRead MorePrison Reflection Paper974 Words   |  4 Pagesdescribes the effect of stigma and punitive punishment on the life of offender after re-entering back into society. Reintegration is the most difficult issue for the correctional system due to the safety of the community and increases chances of recidivism. Reintegration is the process where an offender is prepared to return safely to the society as a law-abiding citizen after serving their prison time. A life of imprisonment is a process where individuals are separated from society and forced them

How Relevant Is the Marxist Critique of Capitalism to the...

Throughout the past century, the modern international system has been characterized by dominant practices in all of its distinct sectors. In the economic sector, capitalism has been a key economic activity since the 16th century in the form of mercantilism (Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica Online 2014). Since then, capitalism has evolved to become the principal economic model in the modern international system in the form of neo-liberal capitalism. For this reason, it has been shaping, and continues to shape, societies on a global scale. Although it can be said that capitalism has prospered throughout the centuries and has turned into a strong economic practice, it hasn’t been exempt of criticism. Marxist school of thought sets forth the most†¦show more content†¦For this reason, this work aims to determine that Marxist critique of capitalism is still pertinent to the understanding and analysis of the modern international system. The founding of Marxist core ideas in the mid 19th century is a general critique towards worldwide capitalist economic practices, and attributes to it the reproduction of injustice as well as social inequality in societies. The modern international system is still governed by the same dominant capitalist economic practices, which reproduce similar exploitative conditions as it did when Marxist critiques emerged. Hence, the employment of Marxist critiques of capitalism is still applicable for the evaluation of the modern international system. To achieve this work’s objective, the subsequent structure will be followed. First, this work will present a general explanation of how Marxist critiques of capitalism provide a general comprehension of the modern international system’s evolution. Second, Marxism presents serious appraisals concerning the 19th century world dominant structure of capitalism. This work argues that even though more than 150 years have passed since the birth of Marxism, Marxist critiques of capitalism still explain the reproduction of the system’s dynamics and conditions such as injustice and social inequality. Lastly, this work will explore and expose the fundamentalShow MoreRelatedKarl Marx And The Communist Manifesto Essay1691 Words   |  7 Pagesfriend, Friedrich Engels (1820-1895), founded the Marxist Theory. Both men were philosophers, however were referred to as revolutionaries. ‘The Communist Manifesto’, was written collaboratively by both Marx and Engels, as t hey explored the argument that â€Å"history and progress can be seen dialectically as societies shift from one mode of production to another†. This will be argued through a contextual account of Marxism, its development, critiques, and both the dependency theory and critical theoryRead MoreA Critique Of Capitalism : A Love Story ( 2009 ) By Michael Moore Essay1821 Words   |  8 PagesCentury: The Failure of Marxism in a Critique of Capitalism: A Love Story (2009) by Michael Moore In this sociological study, an analysis of the rise of neoliberalism and the failure of Marxist ideology in the film Capitalism: A Love Story (2009) by Michael Moore. Moore’s film emulates the failed attempts to control and regulate a capitalist system that exploits the worker and the general public for the greater monetary profit of the ruling classes. In this system, the power of banking institutionsRead MoreA Critical Comparison Of Marxist Theory And Merton’S Strain1530 Words   |  7 PagesCritical Comparison of Marxist Theory and Merton’s Strain Theory of Deviance. Introduction: This particular work will consist of a critical theoretical review and a comparative analysis on two criminological theories. For the comparison I have chosen Marx’s theory of crime and Merton’s strain theory of deviance. My critical comparison analysis will emphasise the central concepts and arguments within both theories and how each theory explains crime. The analysis will then explore modern day studies in whichRead MoreThe Growth And Development Of A Free Market3553 Words   |  15 PagesINTRODUCTION ‘What development means depends on how the rich nations feel, ‘Environment’ is no exception to this rule’. (Sachs, 1992, p.26) Ever since the 1970s, capitalism has entered into the era of neoliberal development. Simply put, capitalism is an economic system that propagates private and or corporate ownership trough investments. Private decisions, prices, production and distribution of goods are determined by the competition in a free market. All of this in turn decides the path of aforementionedRead MoreSociology and Social Change6068 Words   |  25 PagesSOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL CHANGE    The air does not cease to have weight, writes Durkheim, although we no longer feel that weight.(1) The point is, of course, how do we know that there is that thing called air out there if we do not feel its presence? What Durkheim was interested to show, indeed, was that those elements of reality that he came to call social facts(2) were out there, regardless of whether the individuals felt their presence or not. Actually, the individuals are almost never awareRead MoreSociology and Social Change6058 Words   |  25 PagesSOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL CHANGE    The air does not cease to have weight, writes Durkheim, although we no longer feel that weight.(1) The point is, of course, how do we know that there is that thing called air out there if we do not feel its presence? What Durkheim was interested to show, indeed, was that those elements of reality that he came to call social facts(2) were out there, regardless of whether the individuals felt their presence or not. Actually, the individuals are almost never awareRead MoreSociology of Health2696 Words   |  11 PagesSociologists show how wellness and disease, the treatment and explanation of illness production in a social organization can be understood differently from a medical perspective of nature, biology, and lifestyle in an attempt of explaining sickness (Bahar, 2013). It is a significant facet of interpreting biological information that shows the creation of health and disease in a political, social, and cultural environment. In describing various social phenomena, sociolo gists examine how social life impactsRead MoreMarxism Within Blt5219 Words   |  21 Pagespolitical opponents thought it beneficial to disclose Obama’s connections to a Black Theology of Liberation. Through this research I seek not only to obtain a broader understanding of this particular theology of liberation, but also to understand the Marxist ideological concept within the Black Theology of Liberation. Towards the culmination of the decade which witnessed the peak of the Civil Rights movement, black churches throughout America in the 1960s began to search for avenues through whichRead MoreCleanth Brookss Essay Irony as a Principle of Structure9125 Words   |  37 PagesHistorical Materialism we can still hear the echoes of those exaggeratedly sanguine hopes that many of us cherished concerning the duration and tempo of the revolution. The reader should not, therefore, look to these essays for a complete scientific system. Despite this the book does have a definite unity. This will be found in the sequence of the essays, which for this reason are best read in the order proposed. However, it would perhaps be advisable for readers unversed in philosophy to put off theRead MorePolitical Risk Management and Insurance: A Contextual Comparison12751 Words   |  51 PagesName] Abstract This dissertations presents concept of political risk in the context of Efficient Market Theory (Hypothesis) and State capitalism. The paper explores the link between the three ways of insuring political risk to economic theories. Using case study of a multinational firm the political regime and its effect has been explored on business situations and how it can be managed. Political risks are the threats arising for a business due to the actions of a host government. Multinational firms

Developmentally appropriate and child-centered curricula Free Essays

Ensuring that curriculum in early childhood education is both developmentally appropriate and child-centered involves educators making decisions about the most relevant content to include in the curriculum based on the needs, interests and capabilities of the learners. Developmental psychologists such as Erik Erikson and Jean Piaget, have done extensive work in describing the cognitive changes that children go through throughout their lifetime. Knowledge of these changes is important in guiding decisions about curricula content, material and activities. We will write a custom essay sample on Developmentally appropriate and child-centered curricula or any similar topic only for you Order Now Piaget proposed that each child moves progressively through each of four stages of cognitive development as they mature physically. These are the sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational periods. At the early childhood level a child is in the sensorimotor and preoperational stages which lasts between ages zero (0) to two (2) years old and two (2) to seven (7) years respectively. Children first â€Å"learn about their surroundings by using their senses and motor skills†.  (Slavin, 2000, p. 33). Edwards (2005) believes that these stage-based characteristics that Piaget has identified are important starting points for curriculum design as educators need to have a clear understanding of the characteristics of learners before any decision can be made about what curricula content to deliver to them. In designing an early childhood curriculum Jalongo, Fennimore, Pattnaik, Laverick, Brewster, and Mutuku (2004) contend that the child must figure at the center of this process. As a results the developmental needs of the child must be first and foremost in the mind of the educator as decisions are made about curricula content and structure. First and foremost an early childhood curricula must be specific to the early childhood level. Jalongo et al (2004) caution that early childhood programs must be designed specifically for early childhood education â€Å"rather than replicate the curriculum and pedagogy that characterizes later academic experiences† (p. 145). Consequently tasks should be so designed so that they are manageable based on the cognitive and physical capabilities of the children. Additionally the designers of curricula material need to ensure that such programs and the material that go along with them are innovative. Educators in the field should work collaboratively in deciding on the most appropriate material to include in the curriculum. Moreover when it comes to actual classroom implementation the curriculum should be used as a guide and not as an absolute (Jalongo et al, 2004). This means that teachers should be flexible in implementing aspects of the curriculum based on the unique needs of their particular set of learners. Furthermore curricula should be continuously improved to reflect new knowledge about how children at the early childhood level learn. For each group of students the curriculum should be adopted to better serve their needs and challenges. Consideration must be given to the particular ethnic, cultural, and language characteristics of the children concerned and seek to meet them where they are. This means that, rather than trying to force children into a pre-made mold, educators must ensure that the children are the basis used in constructing the mold. Evidently the task of designing developmentally appropriate curriculum, though it is left mainly up to the educator who interacts most intimately with the students, must take into account the specific needs, interests and capabilities of learners. Educators cannot leave the child out of planning the early childhood curriculum. Failure to include the group at which early childhood programs are geared will only result in failure both on the part of the educator and the learner. References Edwards, S. (2005, Mar). Children’s learning and developmental potential: Examining the theoretical informants of early childhood curricula from the educator’s perspective. Early Years, 25(1), 67–80. Jalongo, M. R., Fennimore, B. S., Pattnaik, J., Laverick, D. M., Brewster, J. Mutuku, M. (2004, Dec). Blended perspectives: A global vision for high-quality early childhood education. Early Childhood Education Journal, 32(3), 143-155. Slavin, R. E. (2000). Educational Psychology: Theory and Practice. (6th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon. How to cite Developmentally appropriate and child-centered curricula, Papers

The Argument of Victorias Secret to Make Strategies for Sell

Introduction The world is changing due to changes brought about by technology. Business environment is increasingly getting competitive. Firms are finding it difficult to manage this competition due to a number of factors. According to Kate (78), it is practically impossible to find the best strategy that would last a lifetime without a need for regular adjustment.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Argument of Victoria’s Secret to Make Strategies for Sell specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The ability of a firm to adjust to changes within the environment will always determine its success or failure within that market. Coming up with the right strategy should always be followed by swift implementation in order to achieve the desired result. Marketing planning can be a very challenging task, especially in a market with varying characteristics. The planning will also depend on the size of the firm and the pro duct offered to the market. This is the type of challenge Victoria’s Secret faces in the market for lingerie. The approach used in marketing this product is the United States may not be the same as the approach needed in the British markets. When developing a marketing plan, it is always important that the concerned individuals understand the nature of the product and the target customers. As Klasse (87) state, marketing planning and strategy development should not be left to the marketing department alone. Success in this planning will benefit the entire firm. Organizational structure clearly stipulates people responsible for making various decisions at various levels. However, it should be appreciated that all members of the organization, irrespective of their position within the firm, have a role to play. They can help come up with strategies that are able to meet the demands of the market. The research will be based on Victoria’s Secret, which has had massive succe ss for the past one decade. This research focuses on analysis of various strategies that can help a firm succeed in the market and how the implementation should be conducted, including the relevance using the image of women in advertising. Purpose and scope The world market in the finance industry has become very competitive. Various firms have come to the realization that internationalization is the best way through which they can succeed in the market. For this to be possible, it is important that the management develop strategies that would help it in the international market. In the world of advertising, the use of image of women is very common. This is because of the perception of the society towards women. There has been a general perception among the society that women have spectacular image while men are the spectators. Anything that is appealing to the eye is always associated to women. According to Poole (56), an angel is believed to be the most beautiful being, and its be auty can only be compared to that of women. In the marketing arena, this message has sunk, and most firms prefer using the image of women to help advertise their product.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A top model car would be advertised using a model whose image is believed to present the beauty of the product on advertisement. There has been a movement in various western countries, which is against using the image of a woman in advertising. To this group, this is an act of discrimination against women, and the practice should not be tolerated in the current 21st century. This means that marketers would always find themselves at cross roads. This is because the female image remains the best image to use when advertising. On the other hand, these firms are struggling to ensure that they are not seen to be using the image of women in an inappropriate manner. The situation ca n be worse if the firm is dealing in products that would demand the image of a woman in a manner that a fraction of the society finds indecent. This is the situation that Victoria’s Secret found itself following its advertisement of sexy little geisha. This would be the focus of this paper. Strategies Used by Victoria’s Secret in Promoting Sales of its Products Victoria’s Secret is one of the leading US lingerie shop that was started in June 1972. When started, the management of this firm was focused on the local market in the United States. However, this firm has been expanding ever since, and there has been an urge to venture into the global markets. The firm has made successful entry into selected European countries, Canada and some states in North America. As this was taking place, not all was getting easy for this firm. There were other multinational apparel firms that were developing and finding their way into the markets Victoria’s Secret had consi dered exclusively its. The level of competition was getting higher, especially with the entry of various apparel shops and several designers into this market. Victoria’s Secret had to come up with measures that could help it counter this challenge. The firm has to develop measures that would ensure that it remained competitive in the United States, in the European markets and other markets in North America. The strategy was to be developed, and the sooner it came, the better it would serve the firm. Victoria’s Secret came up with a secret that would help them increase their sales in the market. In this new strategy (secret), the marketing team decided to increase the number of influx into the firm’s stores through a strategy that many firms had never thought of. The firm decided to give out several items free to various customers who were staying near enough to their stores. The strategy to give out free sample to their customers came out of a research that conf irmed three most important facts behind their secret. The first fact is that human, by nature, like free items despite the value of the item. When one is offered a free item by an outlet considered classy, they would make an effort to go for it even if they are rich. The second point is that most sales in various retail shops are always due to impulse buying.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Argument of Victoria’s Secret to Make Strategies for Sell specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More An individual would set aside 50 dollars to make a simple shopping. However, when the individual comes across attractive items in the shop, he or she would end up spending 150 dollars. This impulse buying is always motivated by the sense of sight. The third fact is that there are a large section of the middle class who believe that such shops as Victoria’s Secret price their products too expensively that they are not i n a position to make a purchase. They therefore refrain from such shops even without making attempts. The strategy was therefore, meant to attract people to the stores of this firm. The free samples came in different categories as identified below. Offering free panties was one of the most popular strategies. The firm would advertise through various media channel that at specific time, they would be offering free panties to the customers who will visit the shop. With this announcement, customers would come to the shop to take the gifts that the firm offers. During this process, two things will take place. First, those who come to the shop will engage in impulse buying. This is because pro to customers visit the management would ensure that there is a proper arrangement of other products on sale in a very attractive manner. They will take their free panty, which may be worth 11 dollars, and buy items that would earn this firm a profit of about 100 dollars. Besides this instant profit , the spectacular nature of the store, and the appealing display of the products would easily turn these visitors into loyal customers. Those who will not be in a position to buy an item during the visit would be convinced that the shop stocks products that meets and even surpasses their expectations. They would seriously consider making a visit to the store to make a purchase of a product that he or she considered as appropriate. Another strategy would be offering customers limited time coupons. In this strategy, the firm would offer its customers discount of up to 12 percent of their purchase. This would especially be on the products that are considered sources of income of the firm. This is always the pink panties, which is the main product of this firm. The firm will offer the discount, but in a manner that may not bring losses to the firm.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The secret behind this strategy is that when offered a discounted product, a customer will always form an attachment with the company. They will feel obliged to make the shop their preferred shop within the locality. This will in turn, increase the market share of this firm within this industry. Another strategy that this firm uses is bargain sales during selected times within the year. In this strategy, the firm would allow all its customers to engage in bargains on all the products that are on sale (Klasse 38). This practice is unheard of in major apparel shops in this country. In most of these shops, the price is always set and placed on tags on the item and a customer is to determine if he or she has the capacity to buy the product. This offer, though not very frequent, offers customers of this firm a rare opportunity to engage in bargaining for the products they purchase. They end up purchasing the product at discounted prices during such periods. Another popular strategy that this firm uses is incremental incentives. In this strategy, the firm would offer its customers an increased incentive based on the value of their purchase. When purchasing a product that is worth 50 dollars, the customers would be offered a discount of 5 dollars. If these customers made a purchase of a product worth 100 dollars, the discount would be 12 dollars. If the purchase were worth 200 dollars, the discount would be 25 dollars. This would motivate employees to make a purchase worth higher values in order to increase their benefit. The secret behind this strategy is to increase the rate of stock turnover. Although the profit margin will be massively reduced when one makes huge purchase, the large volume of sales will compensate the small margin of the profit. The increased sales of the products would give this firm an edge over others. This strategy is also meant to counter the force of the competitors. Some competitors would always avoid any incident that may demonstrate that there is a price war in the market. The above four strategies have pushed up the sales of this firm. The firm has been in a position to expand its market share within the local and international markets. It is one of the most preferred apparel shops in the United States and British markets. The management has been able to develop a close bond between the firm and its customers through best practice. One of the leading policies has always been to ensure that it keeps the sales volume high. Sexy Little Geisha In the process introducing new product in the market, many firms always try to capture the attention of customers using means that would pass the intended message in the best way possible. They always try to make an impact in a way that will make the market notice its presence within the shortest time possible, and with the desired impact. This is what Victoria’s secret expected when it introduced Sexy Little Geisha into the American and European markets. The picture belo w was used to introduce this product. ‘Sexy Little Geisha’ The above lingerie, dubbed Go East, was expected to hit the market with a bang. Klasse says, â€Å"Sexy Little Geisha, an Asian-inspired getup from Victoria’s Secret’s Go East collection, includes a mesh bodysuit with floral patterns on the bra cups and crotch, a tiny floral fan, a removable obi belt, and matching chopsticks with tassels,† (Klasse 1). This product was perfect for the market, especially for the holidaymakers in the United States and Europe. However, the marketing management did not give a deeper though its market proposition when it finally brought it to the market. The product was marketed for its sexual appeal. The marketing team was convinced that this was the best way to introduce this product to the market. According to Foston (82), this was not a bad approach to market this product. This scholar holds that all lingerie products are always designed and marketed as produ cts that would make the woman sexually appealing. This scholar says that this would be appealing in the eye of men, and as is always the norm, women would always like to be appealing in the face of men. This is especially the case when it comes to the lingerie. The mistake that the marketing team of this firm did was to state that the lingerie would offer the wearer sexual satisfaction that is not properly found in the west. That is why the product credo was Go East, where it is generally believed that women offer sexual satisfaction to men. It is common to use sexual appeal in marketing arena. In fact, Kate (29) says that it is becoming common in many industries in the cotemporary world. However, the message that came out was completely upsetting. There is a general belief that men for their sexual fantasies use Asian women. When this product said lets go east in reference to the need to be more appealing, there were various market segments that felt seriously offended by the move. The American and European women considered this message offensive because to them, the message that was being passed is that women are sexual objects (Jennings 45). They seriously took offense with the product and the company and therefore, boycotted the product. The message also offended the Asian women. They were not happy with the fact that to the firm, Asia women are sexual objects used by men for their own satisfaction. This incident raised a lot of controversy and the management had to act with speed and ensure that this issue was solved immediately. The management was forced to recall the advert in less than one week after its introduction. The product was also modified and brought back to the market with different specification. Although the firm was able to overcome this challenge, it hurt its market penetration. Challenges Faced when Advertising Lingerie Advertising lingerie poses a serious challenge to firms in this industry for a number of reasons. Just as any other pro duct in the market, the best way of advertising lingerie is by giving an image of someone wearing it. In this case, it would require the advertiser to show how beautiful the lingerie can be on the body. This is always very challenging, especially when the society is reserved. The lingerie would be viewed as a garment that should be private. Some societies may find such an advertisement as the one shown below as an offensive, especially given the fact that the woman is considered to be revealing a lot more than should be revealed. Figure 2 The above model is advertising lingerie that has just arrived in the market. While a section of the market may consider the product too revealing, another section will consider it inappropriate because it does not reveal the design of the panty fully. They would therefore prefer an advert as this shown below. The challenge therefore, comes when the other section now considers such an advert as the one below as being too revealing or even immoral i n the face of the society. The firm will be struggling to come up with a compromise between these two divides. Figure 3 The above advert may not be welcome in various societies due to the level of nudity it demonstrates. However, Beatty (119) says that the most important factor that a firm should consider is the appropriateness of the advert based on the target market. This is what Victoria’s Secret has been keen on. Conclusion Victoria’s Secret is one of the most prosperous apparel shops in the United States and the European markets. The firm has been keen on attracting the market using various strategies. One of the biggest secret that this firm has been keen to employ is the need to keep people flowing into their stores. They use every means at their disposal to ensure that people visit the store for they are sure that from the visit, there will be sales. Works Cited Beatty, Jeffrey. Business Law and the Legal Environment. Mason: Thomson, 2007. Print. Daniel. A Wal k in Victoria’s Secret: Poems. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2010. Print. Foston, Smith. Victoria’s Secret: A Conspiracy of Silence. Sacramento: Victoria Lazarian Heritage Association, 2001. Print. Jennings, Marianne. Business: Its Legal, Ethical, and Global Environment. Mason: South-Western Cengage Learning, 2012. Print. Kate, Klasse, Anna. ‘Sexy Little Geisha’ More Victoria’s Secret Controversies.’ The Daily Beast, Sep 26, 2012. Poole, Jason. Victoria’s Secret: A Novel. Owings Mills: Cartel Publications, 2008. Print.. This essay on The Argument of Victoria’s Secret to Make Strategies for Sell was written and submitted by user Ashlynn Burke to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Study of Cephaolpods essays

Study of Cephaolpods essays Cephalopods are a remarkable group of animals, with a huge array of adaptations. They can change colour faster than a chameleon plus change texture and body shape. They have three hearts pumping blue blood, are jet powered (water is forced through their siphon by contracting their mantel to provide quick thrust) and have representatives in all oceans of the world - from the tropics to the poles - the intertidal to the abyss. And have even inspired legends and stories since recorded history began. Cephalopods first appeared some time in the late Cambrian, several million years before the first primitive fish began swimming in the ocean. They are believed to be the ancestors of modern cephalopods (Subclass Coleoidea) diverged from the primitive externally shelled Nautiloidea (Nautilus) very early - possibly in the Ordovician, some 438 million years ago. -This is before the first mammals appeared, before vertebrates invaded land and even before there were fish in the ocean and upright plants on land! Thus, nautilus is very different from modern cephalopods in terms of morphology and life history. They were once one of the most dominant life forms in the world's oceans; today there are only 650 or so living species. (Levinton 2001) Octopuses, squids, cuttlefish and the chambered nautilus belong to class Cephalopoda ('head-foot') and the phylum Mollusca. They are nearly always carnivorous, and are characterised by complex behaviour, a well-organised nervous system and a circle of grasping arms, and a powerful beak. Cephalopods are therefore related to bivalves (scallops, oysters, and clams), gastropods (snails and slugs), scaphopoda (tusk shells), and polyplacophorans (chitons). Some of these molluscs, like the bivalves, don't even have a head, much less something large enough to be called a brain! Yet cephalopods have well-developed eyes and other senses that rival our own, large brains, and even show learning and memory skills. M...

Structure Dependency and Grammar

Structure Dependency and Grammar The linguistic principle that grammatical processes function primarily on structures in sentences, not on single words or sequences of words is termed structure-dependency. Many linguists view structure-dependency as a principle of universal grammar. The Structure Of Language The principle of structure-dependency compels all languages to move parts of the sentence around in accordance with its structure rather than just the sheer order of words. . . .Structure-dependency could not be acquired by children from hearing sentences of the language; rather, it imposes itself on whatever language they encounter, just as in a sense the pitch range of the human ear restricts the sounds we can hear. Children do not have to learn these principles but apply them to any language they hear. (Michael Byram, Routledge Encyclopedia of Language Teaching and Learning. Routledge, 2000)All speakers of English know structure-dependency without having given it a moments thought; they automatically reject *Is Sam is the the cat that black? even if they have never encountered its like before. How do they have this instant response? They would accept many sentences that they have never previously encountered, so it is not just that they have never heard it before. Nor is structure -dependency transparent from the normal language they have encounteredonly by concocting sentences that deliberately breach it can linguists show its very existence. Structure-dependency is, then, a principle of language knowledge built-in to the human mind. It becomes part of any language that is learned, not just of English. Principles and parameters theory claims that an important component of the speakers knowledge of any language such as English is made up of a handful of general language principles such as structure-dependency. (Vivian Cook, Universal Grammar and the Learning and Teaching of Second Languages. Perspectives On Pedagogical Grammar, ed. by Terence Odlin. Cambridge University Press, 1994) Interrogative Structures ​One example of a universal principle is structure-dependency. When a child learns interrogative sentences, it learns to place the finite verb in sentence initial position: (9a.) The doll is pretty(9b.) Is the doll pretty?(10a.) The doll is gone(10b.) Is the doll gone? If children lacked insight into structure-dependency, it should follow that they make errors such as (11b), since they would not know that the doll is pretty is the sentence to be put in the interrogative form: (11a.) The doll that is gone, is pretty.(11b.) *Is the doll that (0) gone, is pretty?(11c.) Is the doll that is gone (0) pretty? But children do not seem to produce incorrect sentences such as (11b), and nativist linguists therefore conclude that insight into structure-dependency must be innate. (Josine A. Lalleman, The State of the Art in Second Language Acquisition Research. Investigating Second Language Acquisition, ed. by Peter Jordens and Josine Lalleman. Mouton de Gruyter, 1996) The Genitive Construction ​The genitive construction in English can . . . help us illustrate the concept of structure- dependency. In (8) we see how the genitive attaches to the noun student: (8) The students essay is very good. If we construct a longer noun phrase, the genitive s will come at the very end, or edge, of the NP, independently of the category of the word: (9) [That young student from Germany]s essay is very good.(10) [The student you were talking to]s essay is very good. The rule that determines the genitives construction is based on the Noun Phrase: s is attached to the edge of the NP. (Mireia Llins et al., Basic Concepts for the Analysis of English Sentences. Universitat Autà ²noma de Barcelona, 2008) Also Known As: syntactic structure-dependency

Social Networking Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social Networking - Research Paper Example For instance, about 75% of teenagers in the United States of America visit the Internet daily and social networking forms the biggest part of what they do (Boyd and Ellison ). Social networking sites are widely used by most people to build and maintain relationships; personal or business, and to express their personal ideas and interests concerning the world. Changes in Social Networking Social networks are social structures comprising of persons or organizations that are connected by a single or more different types of interdependency, for instance friendship, common interest, relationships or kinship (Boyd and Ellison). The networks allow people to create public or partial public profiles within a given system, articulate a list of different user that they share connection with and view and traverse the list of connections created by themselves and other users within the system. Social networking sites are very unique in that, apart from allowing users to meet strangers, they also allow them to articulate and make their social networks visible. They provide individuals with an opportunity to maintain their relationships with old friends and to meet new ones as well. The first recognizable social networking site was SixDegrees.com which was started in 1997 (Boyd and Ellison 13). It allowed people to create profiles, list friends they had and in the early 1998s it allowed them to surf their list of friends. These features also existed in some dating and community sites. For instance, AIM and ICQ buddy lists supported lists of friends but the friends were not visible to others. Classmate.com was also another social network which provided people with the opportunity to affiliate with their institutions and surf the networks of other people who were also affiliated to the same institution. However, until recently, it did not provide them with the opportunity to create profiles or list friends (Boyd and Ellison, 13). SixDegree became the first to incorporate these features and promoted itself as a tool to assist people in connecting with others and send messages to them. However, in 2000, SixDegree was incapable of becoming a sustainable business hence failed and its services were closed (Boyd and Ellison, 14). Although by this time the number of people using the Internet was huge, most of them lacked extended networks of friends who were online. They complained that there was nothing much to do after accepting a friend request and most of them were not interested in meeting strangers. From 1997 to 2001, most community tools started to support different types of combinations of profiles and publicly articulated friends. For instance, AsianAvenue and MiGente allowed people to make personal, dating and business profiles in which they could identify friends without seeking permission for the connections (Boyd and Ellison 15). Most of these social network sites were mainly developed for business and dating. For instance, Ryze.com was created in 2 001 to assist people leverage their business networks while Match.com was a profitable dating site (Boyd and Ellison, 16). However, with the creation of Friendster, MySpace and Facebook, the purpose of social networking sites took a new dimension. Social networking sites are today used for business, passing information, education, making friends and dating among others applications. While the Internet has made the world become a global village,

Tumultuous Sixties Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Tumultuous Sixties - Essay Example However, their hopes were crushed when President Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas. Lyndon Johnson replaced Kennedy as president and brought the culture of working actively to promote the lives of Americans. Johnson believed that the only way to improve the livelihoods of the American people is through education and ending poverty. Johnson introduced the Civil Rights Act from the urging of the Congress, which then outlawed discrimination that is openly based on race, color, sex, religion, national and origin in the American federal programs (Nicholas, 2012). There was an introduction of mechanisms for enforcement to the American culture where there was an open application for voting, employment and public accommodations of American citizens and residents regardless of the race, color and religion.President Johnson introduced new student loans and grant programs that were free from racial discrimination and supported the consumer-protection legislation act. The presidentâ€⠄¢s ambitions to end poverty in America led to the effort of championing for better education and job training. However, the effort enjoyed mixed success, as it was not fully successful. In essence, the federal programs and economic expansion that Johnson initiated increased the number of problems that the poor Americans faced (Nicholas, 2012). What Americans had thought of the administration of Johnson turned out negative and critics pointed out at the numerous assassinations and unrest that occurred during his rule.

History of Concepts of Racism

History of Concepts of Racism MaKayla Chandler Views of Racism Have you ever looked at a coin and observe the words E Pluribus Unum? This phrase translated means Out of Many, One When the United States of America was established, this phrase suggested that out of many states shall emerge a single unified nation . Over the years, this phrase has been nothing more than words.  America once prided itself on being the melting pot uniting many people, races, religions, and cultures. We were supposed to bind together to form a unified nation; however the concept of the melting pot is nothing more than a forgotten idea.  Retired U.S. Senator Barbara Mikulski summed up her thoughts of the melting pot when she said, America is not a melting pot. It is a sizzling cauldron (Mikulski). Racism is still alive and breeding its infestations on the American people. America is supposed to be the land of opportunity, the country that promises freedom of choices. As stated in the National Anthem, America is the land of the free and the home of the brave. Americ a is the country where dreams can come true. If America has emerged as a single people and nation, why does racism still exist in the twentieth century? In history, racism has always been an issue around the world and still is a big issue today. The term racism was created by the Communist Party as propaganda as they took over Russia and the surround European nations. According the Merriam-Webster dictionary, the meaning of racism is a belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race. In simpler terms, it is a belief that a certain race believes they are the dominant race and should have better rights than another race. Racial discrimination is experienced across a wide spectrum of cultures, ethnic groups, and race. It happens passively when people exclude other people socially or have different views and experiences.  In its most serious manifestation, racial discrimination is observed in the behaviors and activities of people that embody hate, abuse, violence and even death. This is evident in the beating and rumored death o f John Smith. This event catapulted the 1967 Newark riots which sparked one of the deadliest civil disturbances of the 1960s. These riots accorded most major cities and over 100 deaths were reported. Many inner city neighborhoods in these cities were destroyed. Cory Booker, who was the second African-American to be elected to the Senate was quoted saying, You have to understand the Newark Riots a lot of people understand that the pain was the initial explosion of anger and alienation, but after that, the response, sending the National Guard troops a lot of violence was carried out and perpetrated by those who were allegedly coming here to protect residents. (Booker) As part of the U.S. history, racism dates back to the17th century with the Europeans arrival in North America.  Due to the idea to conquer this new land, came racism against Native Americans. The Europeans believed that the Native Americans were savages who needed to be civilized through Christianity and European culture.  My original convictions upon this subject have been confirmed by the course of events for several years, and experience is every day adding to their strength. That those tribes cannot exist surrounded by our settlements and in continual contact with our citizens is certain. They have neither the intelligence, the industry, the moral habits, nor the desire of improvement which are essential to any favorable change in their condition. Established in the midst of another and a superior race, and without appreciating the causes of their inferiority or seeking to control them, they must necessarily yield to the force of circumstances and ere long disappear. (Andrew Jackson).   During the same century arrived the slaves.  They were thought of as being uncivilized and where prosecuted by violence.  Even though slavery was outlawed, racism continued to grow and filtered its hatred toward the African-Americans.  I have a strong feeling of repugnance when I think of the Negro being made our political equal. And I would be glad if they could be colonized, sent to heaven, or got rid of in any decent way. (James Garfield) The issue of racism in the United States continues to be a heated topic even now.  Many people believe that the white people have more privileges or are treated better than any other race. In his autobiography, Malcolm X writes, Its like the Negro in America seeing the white man win all the time. Hes a professional gambler; he has all the cards and the odds stacked on his side, and he has always dealt to our people from the bottom of the deck. (Malcolm X) It is viewed Many riots and protests have happened because of this topic of racism and unequal rights.  There has been a rise of protest when president Trump was elected into office.  Many people have blamed Trump for causing a rise in racism, do to his campaigns on the topic of immigrants and racial comments.  For example a Latino woman say, Donald Trumps hate speech against Latinos seems to be emboldening white Americans racism.(Vasquez).  Many people believe that whites cannot or will never experience racism, Its literally impossible to be racist to a white person.(Krishnan), says Manisha Krishnan who is a writer.  Is there revers racism? There are other races that believe they are more superior to the white race, so sure there is reverse racism, maybe whites do not face it as much or recognized but there is, especially in other countries. Racism is a topic that still hasnt been resolved, Joe Holt, a Contributor says This country has a long and relatively ignored history of racial di scrimination. (Holt). The topic of racism must be addressed and dealt with. No human being should ever feel like they are not equal or less important than another human being. The American views and prejudice on race, culture, or ethnic groups needs to be demised. An anti-racism activist and educator on the psychology of racism, Jane Elliott said, There is no such thing as multiple races, there is only one race and that is the human race.(Elliott).  Racism comes in different forms, like unequal rights, pay, service, or respect.  No one should not be judged or treated differently by the color of their skin, culture, or their beliefs.  Humans need to look beyond the trivial aspects of racism and treat people as they want to be treated.

Factors Influencing Employer-Employee Relationship in Strategy Execution in Non-Govermental Organizations in Nairobi Kenya

FACTORS INFLUENCING EMPLOYER-EMPLOYEE RELATIONSHIP IN STRATEGY EXECUTION IN NON-GOVERMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS IN NAIROBI KENYA TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE3 1. 0 INTRODUCTION3 1. 1 Background of the Study3 1. 2 Statement of the Problem7 1. 3 Objectives of the Study8 1. 4 Research Questions8 1. 5 Importance of the Study9 1. 6 Limitations of the Study10 1. 7 Definition of Operational Terms10 1. 8 Chapter Summary10 CHAPTER TWO12 2. 0 LITERATURE REVIEW12 2. 1 Introduction12 2. 2 Approaches of Performance Appraisal12 2. 3 Effect of Performance Appraisal Accuracy on Staff Performance18 2. Effects of Employee Appraisal Feedback Management on Staff Performance24 2. 5 Effects of Appraisers’ Competence on Employee Performance26 2. 6 Conceptual Framework29 CHAPTER THREE31 3. 0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY31 3. 1 Introduction31 3. 2 Research Design31 3. 3 Population and Sampling Design32 3. 4 Data Collection Methods34 3. 5 Research Procedures34 3. 6 Data Analysis Methods35 3. 7 Chapter Summary35 REF ERENCES37 CHAPTER ONE 1. 0INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Background of the Study Performance appraisals can mean different things to different people.In general, a Performance appraisal is defined as an evaluation of an employee’s job performance to measure how effectively this employee is performing at their job (Becton, Portis, & Schraeder, 2007). The traditional format of a performance appraisal is an employee meeting with their supervisor annually or twice a year to go over how well the employee is doing their job. Usually the company the employee is working for provides a form for the supervisor to fill out and go over with the employee. This form list goals and objectives of the company and how well the employee is meeting these.In modern times performance appraisal systems are increasingly being used in both public and private sector to evaluate the performance of employees. Appraisal, according to Smith, (2000), involves the identification of cause and effect relationships on whic h employment and labour policies are based or can be based and are a routine process that organizations use to evaluate their employees. It is a systematic assessment that is as objective as possible of an ongoing programme or policy, its design, implementation and results.Its aim is to appraise the relevance and fulfillment of objectives, efficiency, effectiveness, impact and sustainability. The appraisal systems usually involves evaluating performance based on the judgements and opinions of subordinates, peers, supervisors, other managers and even workers themselves (Jackson & Schuler 2003). An employee appraisal, performance review, or career development discussion is a method by which the job performance of an employee is evaluated in terms of quality, quantity, cost and time.Performance appraisal is also part of career development. Performance appraisals are regular reviews of employee performance within organizations. Performance appraisal as a process is seen as a key contrib utor to successful human resource management, as it is strongly related to organisational performance (Erdogan, 2002). Murphy and Cleveland (1995) believe that performance appraisals can help organizations in four ways. First, they can enhance the quality of organizational decisions, ranging from promotions, layoffs, compensation and transfers.Second, they can enhance the quality of individual decisions, ranging from career choices to decisions about where to direct one's time and effort. Third, they provide a set of tools for organizational diagnosis and development. Finally, performance appraisals can affect employees' views of and attachment to their organization. Performance appraisal is a tool of management that can lead to better communication, motivation and feedback (Stivers and Joyce, 2000). A common process for managing employees is the traditional practice of annual performance reviews.While these annual reviews have their shortcomings, companies around the globe continue to use them. However, to increase accuracy and to get a comprehensive and balanced feedback about employee performance, 360-degree feedback system is becoming more popular. In this system peers, subordinates and customers also do the appraisal. This is particularly relevant in the light of research, which has empirically proved that 360-degree feedback system improves employee performance significantly (Rai & Singh 2005).Performance appraisal is centrally managed by the human resource department in National Cereals and Produce Board. The aims of a performance appraisal are to give feedback on performance of employees, identify employee training needs, allocate rewards, forms a basis for personal decisions; salary increases, promotions, disciplinary actions, provide the opportunity for organizational diagnosis and development, facilitate communication between employee and administration and validate selection techniques and human resource policies to meet equal employment opportunit y requirements.Performance appraisal is an ongoing communication process between employees and supervisors. Supervisors should set expectations, monitor performance, and provide feedback to employees. By having this information, they will direct and develop employee performance by identifying training and development needs, correcting, and determining raises and promotions (Seldon, Ingraham, & Jacobson, 2001). Performance appraisal is evaluating employee’s current and past performance relative to his or her performance standards.Therefore, if performance appraisal is successfully carried out in an organization, the employees would be able to know how well they are performing and what is expected of them in future in terms of effort and task direction through an established plan for performance improvement Dessler (2005). To appreciate the purpose of performance appraisal one has to look at it from the different viewpoints of the employee and the organization.From the employee s view point, the purpose of performance appraisal is to enable the employee be guided on what is to be done and that he or she should receive a comprehensive feedback on how he or she performed. The employee also requires that the manager should help him or her improve on areas where gaps were identified in his or her performance and finally, expect to have appropriate recognition for good performance (NCPB Human Resource Policies and Procedures Issue 2010).From the organizations view point, one of the most important reasons for having a system of performance appraisal is to establish and uphold the principle of accountability. For decades, it has been known that one of the chief causes of organizational failure is non-alignment of responsibility and accountability. Non-alignment occurs where employees are given responsibilities and duties, but are not held accountable for the way in which the responsibilities and duties are performed (NCPB Human Resource Policies and Procedures Is sue 2010).The National Cereals and Produce Board which is the organization selected for this study is a body corporate that was established in 1985 under Cap. 338 of the Laws of Kenya. However, this organization has been in existence since 1939 when it was established by the then Colonial Government. The Board previously operated under diverse names which included West Kenya Maize Marketing Board, Maize Marketing and Control Board, Maize and Produce Board. It acquired its current name after the amalgamation of the Maize and Produce Board with the defunct Wheat Board in 1980 (NCPB Act, Cap 338).The Board’s main function over time has been to provide grain farmers with a marketing outlet, while at the same time it is charged with undertaking the food supply functions of the State. The Board trades in maize, wheat, beans and other scheduled produce such as millet, sorghum and rice. It also offers services like drying, grading, cleaning, pest control and storage of grain as well as weighing. Additionally, the Board offers for sale, such items like weighing scales, gunny bags, pesticides and tarpaulins.More recently the Board had engaged in the trading in farm inputs more specifically fertilizer with the aim of reducing the cost of production for the farmer and also diversify its products range to make it more profitable (NCPB Strategic Plan, 2009-2013). The organization has a network of 110 stations spread all over Kenya; in both the high potential agricultural areas like most parts of Rift Valley, Western and Central Provinces, as well as the low potential (food deficit) areas like North Eastern and parts of Eastern Provinces.The network is divided into six administrative regions which are Nairobi/Eastern, Northern, Coast, North Rift, South Rift, South Rift and Lake/Western (NCPB Strategic Plan 2009-13). The Board has since the early 1990’s been undergoing major restructuring and rationalization of its operations under the Civil Service Reform Progr amme. This included the downsizing of work force, with the objective of reducing its bloated staff strength to retain a leaner workforce, which could deliver the required services more efficiently and effectively.In a period of ten years (1993-2003), the Board released more than 70% of its total workforce through a Staff Voluntary Early Retirement Scheme and other methods of leaving. This reduced its staff strength from approximately 4,500 it had at the beginning of the retrenchment exercise to a mere 930 at the end of the exercise. The Board currently has an establishment of about 1020 employees falling under four broad categories, namely Senior Management (Job Group M and above), Middle Level Management (Job Group K-L), Supervisory Management (Job Group G-J) and Operatives (Job Group A-F) (NCPB Staff Establishment Audit Report, 2004).The organization has a fully-fledged Human Resource Department, which uses a detailed Resource Manual that contains policies and procedures that basi cally defines the relationship of the organization. The Board recognizes that human resource constitute its most assets, because people grow and develop over time and without them all the other resources (materials, money, methods and machines) will not be effectively utilized.According to the manual, Board’s Human Resources Management function is primarily concerned with the human relationship fields. It aims at bringing together and developing the human resource cohesive and an effective unit to complement all the other functions in the Board, while regard to the well being of the individual and groups of workers enabling them to make maximum contribution towards the successful attainment and sustenance of the Board’s corporate goals and objectives (NCPB Human Resource Policies and Procedures Issue, 2010).National Cereals and Produce Board has two forms of performance appraisals with the main one being carried out annually and involves the appraiser and the appraisee sitting together to review the latter’s performance in the preceding one year. They evaluate the extent to which the employee met the targets agreed upon at the beginning of the appraisal period.The other type of performance appraisal target employees on probation and those appointed to various higher capacities on trial basis and is conducted to determine their suitability or otherwise for confirmation on their respective positions (NCPB Human Resource Policies and Procedures Issue, 2010). 1. 2Statement of the Problem At an organizational level, the performance appraisal system impacts other HR systems as well as organizational strategy.Latham and Wexley (2001) assert that the effectiveness of an organization's performance appraisal system is a prerequisite for ensuring the success of its selection, training, and employee motivation practices. At a strategic level, the need for rapid and effective organizational change in today's dynamic social, economic, and political envi ronment requires that employees continually re-align their performance with the evolving goals and objectives of the organization (O'Donnell and Shields, 2002).The need to continually re-align performance characterizes many organizational departments which continue to struggle with getting their members to embrace the philosophy and practices that are geared at enhancing performance (Scrivner, 1995; Vinzant and Crothers, 1994). The organization since early 1990’s has been undergoing major restructuring and rationalization of its operations under the Civil Service Reform Programme. This included the downsizing of work force, with the objective of reducing its bloated staff strength to retain a leaner workforce, which could deliver the required services more efficiently and effectively.The Board has in a period of ten years (1993-2003), released more than 70% of its total workforce through a Staff Voluntary Early Retirement Scheme and other methods of leaving. This has reduced its staff strength from approximately 4,500 it had at the beginning of the retrenchment exercise to a mere 1020 at present. The organization has frozen recruitment except for professionals and replacement of essential employees which has led to the re-allocation of the duties that were earlier being performed by higher number of employees to fewer people.In order to enhance employee performance the Board introduced employee appraisal system was introduced in 2010. At National cereal and Produce board, performance appraisals have been conducted but they have faced many challenges. Instead of boosting staff performance, they have ended up frustrating staff until some have ended up leaving because of the high level of disatisfaction. NCPB has offices in several locations including Nairobi, Nakuru, Eldoret, Moisbridge, Kitale among other major town.In order to improve the effectiveness of performance appraisals, the organization has tried to apply different approaches of performance app raisals but the result has not been any different. The study seeks to investigate the effects of performance appraisal system on staff performance at National Cereals and Produce Board. 1. 3Objectives of the Study 1. 3. 1Broad Objective of the Study The broad objective of the study is to investigate the effects of performance appraisal systems on staff performance at the National Cereals and Produce Board. . Specific objectives 1. 3. 2. 1To determine the types of performance appraisal approaches used at the Kenya National Cereals and Produce Board. 1. 3. 2. 2To determine the effect of performance appraisal accuracy on staff performance at the National Cereals and Produce Board. 3. To establish the effects of employee appraisal feedback management on staff performance at the National Cereals and Produce Board. 4. To assess the effects of appraisers’ competence on employee performance at the National Cereals and Produce Board. . 4 Research Questions 1. What are the types of per formance appraisal approaches used at the Kenya National Cereals and Produce Board? 2. What are the effects of performance appraisal accuracy on staff performance at the National Cereals and Produce Board? 3. How does employee appraisal feedback management affect staff performance at the National Cereals and Produce Board? 4. How does appraisers’ competence affect employee performance at the National Cereals and Produce Board? Methods Population/SampleThe population in this research is all employees’ program participants, their supervisors, and management team. The sample for this research will be forty employees participants, 20 supervisors participants and 10 management participants and performance appraisal evaluators. Data Collection A survey will be used to collect all of the information for the research project. Surveys will be handed out to performance appraisal evaluators and turned in when the performance appraisal is complete to the researcher.Also, employees ’ participants and their supervisors’ participants and managers’ participants will complete surveys at semi-annual performance reviews. The surveys will be filled out at the end of the performance appraisal session and turned in to the research evaluator. Data Analysis Qualitative analysis will be used to analyze the open-ended questions on the survey. Common subjects and similarities will be examined to draw conclusions about the strengths and weaknesses of the performance appraisal. 1. 5Importance of the Study 1. 5. 1National Cereals and Produce BoardThe research will be of importance to the Board as it will advocate for the importance of performance appraisal in the organization and will enable the management of NCPB to come up with a streamlined performance appraisal system and at the same time communicate to employees what they are expected to do in order to achieve the organization corporate goals. 1. 5. 2Human Resource Department The results of the resear ch will enable the Human Resource Department to examine the existing performance appraisal system, highlight the main deficiencies affecting the system and point out possible ways of improvement.The system would then transform the employees into a hardworking and highly committed workforce that will enable the organization achieve its objectives efficiently and effectively and thus create a competitive advantage. 1. 5. 3Other Organizations Parastatals within the Ministry of Agriculture and other stakeholders in the grain sub-sector will use the research findings to improve their employee performance appraisal systems and the use of performance appraisal system as a management tool. The performance appraisal system will be a useful tool in complementing performance contracting currently used in all Government ffiliated offices. 1. 5. 4Future Researchers Future researchers will also be able to use the research findings as a benchmark to their research on performance appraisal system a nd its effects on staff performance. In addition, the findings of this study will serve as a source of reference in future research. The study will also suggest other areas where future researchers can further their knowledge. 1. 5Scope of Study The study will be carried out within the National Cereals and Produce Board Headquarters, Industrial Area, Nairobi. 1. 6Limitations of the Study 1. 6. Non response because of fear to reveal detailed information concerning the organization due to fear of exposing the weaknesses the organization is facing and the confidentiality of such information in terms of business practices. The researcher foresees a challenge in collecting the required data from the respondents. The respondents may fear giving information stating that the information requested may be used against them. To limit the effects of this limitation, the researcher will carry with her an introduction letter from the University confirming that the data requested will be used for academic purposes only. . 6. 2Lack of co-operation from some of the respondents for fear of victimization from their supervisors. 1. 6. 3 The researcher also foresees a challenge where the respondents are likely to give the ideal scenario instead of providing the situation they way it is now. This may affect research finding as it will distort the study findings. 1. 7 Definition of Operational Terms Respondents- the persons from whom information were sought in the study Public sector-the civil service and organizations operating under the State Corporations Act Appraisal-to evaluate or assess the worth of somethingPerformance -is the act of carrying out something Research-to make a detailed study or investigation of something 1. 8Chapter Summary This chapter covered introduction of the study where it discussed the key concepts in the study including performance appraisal and employee performance and how they relate to one another. It then provided statement of the problem where it d iscussed the importance of performance appraisals to organizations, what the situation is at the Kenya National Cereal and Produce Board and what the research gap for the study is.The chapter then presents the study objectives including main and specific before presenting the research questions. The chapter then presented the importance of the study, limitations of the study, definition of terms and chapter summary. REFERENCES Aswathapa, K. (2006). Human Resource Management and Personnel Management, 4th Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited. Armstrong, M. (2006). A Handbook of Personnel Management Practice, 8th Edition, British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data, USA. Armstrong, M. and Stephens, T. (2005).A Handbook of Employee Reward Management and Practice, Kigan Page Limited, USA. Bannister, B. D. (1986) Performance Outcome Feedback and Attribution Feedback: Interactive Effects on Recipient Responses, Journal of Applied Psychology, Volume 71. Baron, R. A. (198 8) Negative Effects of Destructive Criticism: Impact on Conflict, Self-Efficacy, and Task Performance, Journal of Applied Psychology, Volume 73. Byars L. and Rue Leslie, W. (1997). Human Resource Management, 2nd Edition, Irwin/McGraw Hill Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data, USA. Byars L. Lloyd and Rue W. Leslie, (2000).Human Resource Management, 6th Edition, New York: McGraw Hill. Casio W. (2003) Managing Human Resources: Productivity, Quality of Work Life, Profits, 6th Edition. New York: McGraw Hill. Cash M. (1993) Effective Management, CCH International Sydney. Cardy R. L. & Dobbins G. H. (1994) Performance Appraisal: Alternative Perspectives, South Western Publishing Company. Cincinnati, OH. Corbridge Marjorie and Pilbeam (1998) Employment Resourcing, London: Financial Times Management. Department of Human Resources of University, West Virginia (2004) Human Resources Policies and Administrative Procedures.Dessler, G. (2005) Human Resource Management. New Delhi: P rentice Hall. Dulewicz, V. (1989) Performance Appraisal and Counselling, John Wiley and Sons Limited, New York, USA. Erdogan B. (2002) Antecedents and consequences of Justice perceptions in performance appraisals. Human Resource Management Review, 12 (4). Flippo B. Edwin (1984). Essentials of Human Resource Management, MacGraw-Hill Company, New York. Graham H. T. (1989) Human Resource Management (sixth Edition), UK: Pitman Publishing Longman Group. Harris, D. M. & DeSimone. R. L. (1994) Human Resource Development, Dryden Press, Forth Worth.Jackson S. E. & Schuler R. S. (2003) Managing Human Resources through Strategic Partnerships (8th Edition) Manson, Ohio: Thomson –Southwestern. J. Mullins (2002) Organization Behaviour and Management, Seventh Edition, Prentice Hall; Publications, New Delhi India. Javitch David G. (2005) Appraising Employee Performance, in The Entrepreneur, March 2005. Lawrie, J. (1990) Prepare for Performance Appraisal, Personnel Journal, Volume 69. Longene cker, C. O. (1989) Truth or Consequences: Politics and Performance Appraisal, Business Horizons, Volume 32.Mugenda G. Abel and Mugenda M. Olive, (2003). Research Methods – Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches, 2nd Edition, Acts Press, Kenya. Nemoroff, W. F. & Wexley, K. N. (1979) An Exploration of the Relationships Between the Performance Feedback Interview Characteristics and Interview Outcomes as Perceived by Managers and Subordinates, Journal of Occupational Psychology, Volume 52. North, Archer. (2004) Performance Appraisal: Complete Online Guide, Archer North and Associates. Oberg W (2005). Making Performance Appraisal Relevant, 2nd Edition.Penny Hackett. (1979) Success in Management: Personnel, Kingston, Surrey: Kingston Polytechnic. Rai H. & Singh M. (2005) Mediating effects in the relationship between 360-degree Feedback and Employee Performance. Working Paper No. 2005-04-06. Rao P. Subba and Rao V. S. P. (1990) Personnel/Human Resource Management, New Delhi: Konark Publishers PVT Limited. Saleemi N. A. (2005). Personnel Management, 2nd Edition, N. A. Saleemi Printers, Nairobi, Kenya. San Joaquin County, Human Resources Division. (2002) Human Resources Handbook. Tripathi P. C. 1989) Personnel Management and Industrial Relations, India: Sultan Chand and Sons. To determine the types of performance appraisal approaches used at the Kenya National Cereals and Produce Board. To determine the effect of performance appraisal accuracy on staff performance at the National Cereals and Produce Board. To establish the effects of employee appraisal feedback management on staff performance at the National Cereals and Produce Board. To assess the effects of appraisers’ competence on employee performance at the National Cereals and Produce Board.

China s One Child Policy - 1745 Words

China’s One Child policy is a policy that the Chinese government introduced in 1979 to try and solve the problem of overpopulation. The Policy’s main purpose was to make sure that China could support its large population with facilities such as healthcare, education, housing, good jobs and most importantly, food. The aim was to reduce poverty and to improve overall quality of life for the people. China’s one-child policy has led to unintended and negative consequences, such as a diminishing labor force, an aging population, the neglect of basic human rights, and an unbalanced sex ratio gender population. To improve China’s situation, the policy should be reversed. Twenty-five years after it was launched, China’s one child population control policy is credited with cutting down the population growth to an all-time low and contributes to decades of spectacular economic development. Today, as China contemplates the future of the one child policy, many argues a point that a change that allows couples to have two children will not lead to uncontrollable population growth. Instead, it could help meet the fertility desires of most Chinese couples; avoid a worsening of the demographic and social consequences already evident. As a result, changes will need to come soon rather than later if China is to avert even greater negative consequences of the policy (Can China Afford to continue its one-child policy?). The one-child policy began when the centrally planned economy was stillShow MoreRelatedChina s One Child Policy1000 Words   |  4 PagesChina’s One Child Policy. This is something that I am against. I do not think you should limit a family to one child. There are many problems with this policy that I do not think were thought about when the policy was created. I have not found many good things about this policy. 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Work and Goals in Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck Essay

In the novel â€Å"Of Mice and Men† by John Steinbeck, people are portrayed to not work hard enough to achieve long-term goals or dreams that they have set for themselves. This idea is shown multiple times throughout the story. It starts with Lennie and George wanting to purchase their own farm, to do this they will need to make enough money to get the farm started. They show no effort to make progress on this dream of theirs, they spend all the money they make on women and beer. Lennie’s dream is to tend to and take care of the rabbits on the farm they hope to one day own, his problem is that he has a problem with animals. When Lennie pets an animal he usually ends up killing it, and he makes no effort to show a little more care for the poor†¦show more content†¦He never learns his lesson and one day kills Curley’s wife which leads him to his own death. If Lennie had cared a little more about his own responsibility for the things he possessed then he co uld have been the caretaker of the rabbits on the farm George and him planned to purchase. People today are very similar if not different at all. Now people still of course have dreams and goals but give up on them because they aren’t willing to work hard enough to achieve them. This is because first off most people in general are just lazy but also because we are so worried about the future that we miss things going on in the present. It starts with worrying about the little things, â€Å"When is this class gunna be over†, or â€Å"I can’t wait till schools out†. When we are young we worry more about getting out of school than achieving the things we should be while in it. Then when we are out of school and we get a job we can’t stop worrying about when our day of work will be over. and it never stops until you die. 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Mr. Steinbeck was on point with his writing in the ways that he made clear to the reader just what he was talking about. He made it possible for the reader to sink deeply into the story and feel as though they are walking right alongside